Garlic Domestication - Where Did it Come from and When

Garlic is undoubtedly one of the true joys of culinary life on our planet. Although there is some debate about it, the most recent theory based on molecular and biochemical research is that garlic (Allium sativum L.) was first developed from wild Allium longicuspis in Central Asia, about 5,000–6,000 years ago. Wild A. longicuspis is found in the Tien Shan (Celestial or Heavenly) mountains, on the border between China and Kyrgyzstan, and those mountains were home to the great horseback traders of the Bronze Age, the Steppe Societies, ca 3500–1200 BCE. Key Takeaways: Garlic Domestication Scientific Name: Allium sativum L.Common Name: GarlicProgenitor: Possibly extinct, or derived from A. longicuspis, A. tuncelianum, or A. macrochaetumPlace of Origin: Central AsiaDate of Domestication: ca. 4,000–3,000 BCECharacteristics: Bulb size and weight, cannot reproduce itself Domestication History Scholars are not completely in agreement that the closest wild garlic to the current domesticated variety is A. longicuspis, in part because since A. longiscuspis is sterile, it cant be the wild ancestor, but rather a cultivated plant abandoned by nomads. Indian botanist Deepu Mathew and colleagues suggest A. tuncelianum in southeast Turkey and A. macrochaetum in southwest Asia are more likely progenitors. Although there are a few collections in the region of where it was domesticated in Central Asia and the Caucasus which are seed-fertile, todays garlic cultivars are almost entirely all sterile and have to be propagated by hand. That must be a result of domestication. Other characteristics that appear in domesticated varieties are increased bulb weight, thinner coat layer, reduced leaf length, shorter growing seasons, and resistance to environmental stress. Garlic History Garlic was likely traded out from central Asia into Mesopotamia where it was cultivated by the beginning of the 4th millennium BC. The earliest remains of garlic come from the Cave of the Treasure, near Ein Gedi, Israel, ca 4000 BCE (Middle Chalcolithic). By the Bronze Age, garlic was being consumed by people throughout the Mediterranean, including the Egyptians under the 3rd dynasty Old Kingdom pharaoh Cheops (~2589–2566 BCE). Giza Pyramids and Sphinx in Cairo, Egypt. Â  fmajor / iStock / Getty Images Plus Excavations at Minos palace at Knossos on the Mediterranean island of Crete recovered garlic dated between 1700–1400 BCE; the New Kingdom Pharaoh Tutankhamuns tomb (~1325 BCE) contained excellently preserved garlic bulbs. The remains of a braid of 300 cloves of garlic were found in a room at the Tsoungiza Hill site, on Crete (300 BCE); and athletes from Greek Olympians to the Roman gladiators under Nero are reported to have eaten garlic to increase their athletic prowess. It wasnt just Mediterranean people with a jones for garlic; China started using garlic at least as early as 2000 BCE; in India, garlic seeds have been found at Indus Valley sites such as Farmana dated to the mature Harappan period between 2600–2200 BCE. The earliest references in historical documents come from the Avesta, a collection of Zoroastrian holy writings compiled during the 6th century BCE. Garlic and Social Classes There are several historical references about what class of person used the strong smelling and tasting flavors of garlic and why, and in most of the ancient societies where garlic was used, it was primarily a medicinal cure-all and a spice eaten only by the working classes at least as long ago as Bronze Age Egypt. Ancient Chinese and Indian medical treatises recommend eating garlic to aid respiration and digestion and to treat leprosy and parasitic infestation. The 14th-century Muslim physician Avicenna recommended garlic as useful for toothache, chronic cough, constipation, parasites, snake and insect bites, and gynecological diseases. The first documented use of garlic as a magic talisman comes from medieval period Europe where the spice had a magical significance and was used to protect humans and animals against witchcraft, vampires, devils, and disease. Sailors took them as talismans to keep them safe on long sea voyages. The Exorbitant Cost of Egyptian Garlic? There is a rumor reported in several popular articles and repeated in numerous places on the Internet that says that garlic and onions were extremely expensive spices that were bought explicitly for the workers building the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops at Giza. The roots of this story seem to be a misunderstanding of the Greek historian Herodotus. Sculpture of Herodotus in classical Greek style on the exterior of the Austrian parliament building, completed in 1883 by the architect Theophil Hansen (1813–1891). LordRunar / iStock / Getty Images Plus When he visited Cheops Great Pyramid, Herodotus (484–425 BCE) said he was was told that an inscription on the pyramid said that the Pharaoh had spent a fortune (1,600 silver talents!) on garlic, radishes, and onions for the workers. One possible explanation for this is that Herodotus heard it wrong, and the pyramid inscription referred to a type of arsenate stone which smells of garlic when burned. Building stones that have an odor like that of garlic and onions are described on the Famine Stele. The Famine Stele is a Ptolemaic period stele carved about 2,000 years ago but is thought to be based on a much-older manuscript. This stones carvings are part of the cult of the Old Kingdom architect Imhotep, who knew a thing or two about which kind of rocks would be best to use to build a pyramid. This theory is that Herodotus was not told about the cost of garlic but rather the cost of stones that smell like garlic. It may also be that this story smells like garlic, as well: others have claimed the story is fiction, others that Herodotuss dragoman made the story up on the spot. Sources Chen, Shuxia, et al. Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Germplasm by SRAP. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 50.0 (2013): 139–46. Print.Guenaoui, Chedia, et al. Diversity in Allium Ampeloprasum: From Small and Wild to Large and Cultivated. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60.1 (2013): 97–114. Print.Lloyd, Alan B. Herodotus on Egyptian Buildings: A Test Case. The Greek World. Ed. Powell, Anton. London: Routledge, 2002. 273–300. Print.Mathew, Deepu, et al. Effect of Long Photoperiod on the Reproductive and Bulbing Processes in Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany 71.2 (2011): 166–73. Print.Nair, Abhilash, et al. Garlic: Its Importance and Biotechnological Improvement. LS—An International Journal of Life Sciences 1.2 (2013): 72–89. Print.Shaaf, Salar, et al. Genetic Structure and Eco-Geographical Adaptation of Garlic Landraces (Allium Sativum L.) in Iran. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 61.8 (2014): 1565–80. Print.Shemesh-Mayer, Einat, and Rina Kamenetsky Goldstein. Recent Advances in Sexual Propagation and Breeding of Garlic. Horticultural Reviews. Ed. Warrington, Ian. Vol. 1 2018. 1–38. Print.

Analysis of Republic Essay - 1365 Words

Philosophy is a Greek word meaning love of wisdom. Throughout Platos Republic, wisdom plays an important role. According to Plato, education is wisdom and all of our knowledge is not acquiring information, but remembering it from the past. He felt that wisdom is a skill that comes to us naturally as we are just removing the veil of ignorance. His search for the true meaning of justice leads to a discussion with his peers of education and what part it should play in the ideal state that they have developed. He feels everyone has to be willing to learn and have courage in order to acquire knowledge. Glaucon challenges Plato to praise justice as a good of that kind...because of its very self...and how injustice harms [them]†¦show more content†¦Justice is the three parts ruling your soul working under harmony. The function of appetite is to provide the necessities. Spirit and appetite only work together if reason rules. Moderation is an agreement that reason will rule, being immoderate is following your appetites, or denying yourself the extreme. Everyone has moderation, so that is why we give reason the rule. The economic class is ruled by passion, they do not have the ability to moderate their desire. They mistake what they see for reality, and do not have the wisdom to differentiate right from wrong. They are subject to mimesis, copying what they see. They think that they are knowledgeable and are ignorant to the truth. The people ruled by spirit or courage are dominated by loyalty. They desire protecting, and are courageous, and desire order. In terms of the auxiliary class, courage would not be gender specific as well Courage helps you recognize the value of reason but you need someone to tell you when to fight and not to fight. They are action-based individuals. They also do not know what is right, but think they do. Both of the lower two classes are not passive, the music and art is used to prepare the soul(psyche) to tame the sava ge and you need music to know what harmony is. The rest of the people are gold-souled, and are ruled by wisdom, one of theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Republic By Plato1111 Words   |  5 PagesHereafter, one finds themselves entering into the territory of the second metaphor enumerated by Plato in The Republic. The Image of the Line, once more is intended to give sustenance to the analyzation of goodness and is a direct relation to The Simile of the Sun. In this metaphor, Socrates describes a line which is to be unequally divided into four segments. The segments labeled A and B are to apportion for likenesses, or the visible realm. 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Judith Guest is an author who has had a major impa Essay Example For Students

Judith Guest is an author who has had a major impa Essay ct on the writing industries. Her ability to portray family situations, and interactions between people accurately as well,as naturally, makes her books profound and appealing to readers. Criticisms of her workring out revolutionary, true to life, and excellent. I thought that Ordinary People bookwas one of the more thought provoking books that I have read. Judith Guest is just a run of the mill average, everyday person. Guest was bornon March 29, 1936, in Detriot, Michigan. She married Larry Guest on August 22, 1958. She also has three children: Larry, John, and Richard. A quick glance at Judith GuestsBiography will show her as an astute teacher and moreover, a dynamic person. She taughtin public school from 1964 to 1975.Her first book was published in 1976. OrdinaryPeople was Guests first novel, as well as her first published novel. While liveing inIllionous Guest wrote for two newspapers: Palatine Press and Arlington Heights Herald. Guest states that: I learned a lot doing that; I learned about the disipline of writing having to meet a deadline and haveing to conform to the limits of a certain space.() Guest also expressed sentiments that many people share with her: I also learned that idont like to do either one of those things! ()Guest spent a great deal of time on her first novel. Unlike many other writersGuest did not start her n ovel until she was in her thirties. Most writers begin their firsteffort in their twenties. If anyone were to consider that an advantage or disadvantage; shestates plainly in an interview that she felt that she encountered all of the same problemsthat any aspiring writer or noble prize winner faces. Guests qutoe:No, I dont think so. Theres a certain process that has to be gonethrough, it doesnt matter when you start it. I know that there are peoplelike John Updike, who published his first novel at age twenty-eight. Butits hard for me to belive that most people have lived long enough andgarnered enough experence and have known what to do with thatexperence. You have a lot more to write about when you get to ageforty. ()Judith Guests work for the most part has been well received. First by readers, hernovel was widely accepted and hailed as true to form. The Washington Post Book Worldsaid: Rejoice! A novel for all ages and all seasons. The New York Times stated: Admirabletouchingfull o f anxiety, despair, and joy that is common to every humanexperience of suffering and growth. Though some criticisms were less positive the novelwas widely hailed as truly unique and a good work. Another review given by a nationallyrenowned publisher, the Detroit Free Press: A writers novel. A readers novel. Acritics novel. A very important novel. The novel has appeal to a wide audience andwithout a doubt sets a certain precedent for Guest to follow up on. Critics found Guestreal and genuine. This is shown by Brad Hoopers critque: Guest is perfectly realistic inher depictions of family situations; her chracters act and react and react with absoultecreditablilty.() Her appeal is parlty derived from this creditability. Her ablity to putevery day life ,that we all experence, on paper sets her above and beyond other authors. The satisfaction that readers experence with Guests work is well experssed again by BradHooper. Hooper writes: Expect not only readership demand and satisfaction.() Guests other works Second Heaven, Killing Time in St. Cloud, and most recentlyErrands. When I read Guests work I found it very true to life. Her ability to make hernovel so true to life from cover to cover allowed me to read the novel more openly. Byreading the novel so openly I did not need to scrutinize her work at all. Her work,Ordinary People, read more as short story, some how entertaining and inticiting at thesame time. Ordinary People also dealt with a subject, or rather subjects that hit close tohome: suicide and growing up and maturing in adolescence. Suicide is all too commonand as sad as the fact is, I doubt anyone below the age of twenty has been fortunateenough not to have been some how enveloped in an attempted Suicide. In my life I haveknown two people that killed themselves and three that have tried, and thankfully failed. Once a person has done such a horrible thing, just as in the novel, their act enters a roomwith them, and leaves a room only when the peoples conc ern for that person leaves theroom as well. Con, the main character in Ordinary People has to deal with peoplesoverwhelming concern for him in every circumstance. I found Guests description ofCons family and friends surpassingly accurate. As a friend on the outside looking in on abad situation Con and his family interacted true to life. At the same time Con wasrecovering form the reproductions of his attempted suicide, he was also going though avery difficult time in his life. I found that Guest depicted Cons adolescence as well asanyone could. Writing frustration down on paper in only the tip of the iceberg, maturingat that age encompasses so much more than getting older and finding new responsibilities. The novel Ordinary People is true to life and with out a doubt is truly unique. .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 , .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .postImageUrl , .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 , .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50:hover , .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50:visited , .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50:active { border:0!important; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50:active , .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50 .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf67ae858c5b84d171f643d5bf8b56f50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Marshall: The Great Chief Justice Essay Guest has written four works to date. Her work is a very unique blend of true tolife drama and a look in to the lives of those effected by a tragedy. Guest has set a newstandard for me and the literature that I read. Dean, Jessie. Ordinary People. Online. Boone Online. World Wide Web-Internet. 12November 1998 Available:http://www.ced.appstate.edu/whs/ordinary.htm#Review1McGuire, Megan. 5 Stars. Online. Boone Online. World Wide Web-Internet. 12November 1998 Available:http://www.ced.appstate.edu/whs/ordinary.htm#Review2Kinsman, Clare D. ed. Judith Guest Volume 15 (p 171) Contemporary Authors,Detroit, 1976Mooney, Martha T. Judith Guest, Ordinary People 1997 edition, Book Review Digest,New York 1997

You are wasting our time in front of those comput Essays

You are wasting our time in front of those computers, throwing away our life as we are not getting anything back. As I reach for the power button of my laptop, I always remember this statement from my parents. This belief, Time is precious, it need not to be spent on something that is so wasteful like video games, always seems to have place that is very special place in my parents eyes and the image of me turning on a laptop represents as the threat to them. Soon, I start to raise questions about the reasons behind these negative attitudes towards gaming. What I found, is rather nerve wracking. Because of their long complicated history associated with traditional class barriers and problems arising in our society, video games have become a stereotype in a way that is unconsciously accepted by people in every culture, including my parents. To this day, gamers are still placed at the bottom of the ladder being the worthless ones, receiving labels that falsely describe who they are. However, as our society moves forward, video games haven proven to be outweighed any criticisms out there. With new p lay styles being adopted over the years, video games have taught individual players the benefits of dealing with frustration and anxiety in adaptive ways, equipped them with sharper minds and creativity, motivated them to work for a better goal, while at the same time, led an industry that significantly impacted our economy in a positive way. Games were originally created with a purpose for a world in which any players could be free to become what he/she wants through individual effort. They were unlike any real world situations as in here, success was measured purely on mental talent. As expected, this new type of entertainment rapidly gained popularity all over the world. The poor class, the underrepresented people, succeeding at video game received admiration which was not easily obtainable outside of the gaming world (Meadows). For those who felt like they are left out from the community, stuck where they were because of social barriers, video games allowed them to unite under one domain as they strived to be more than their reality allowed. Utilizing this unique characteristic of video games, arcades were created to embrace this cracking of social status, making gaming more accessible for anyone. A local arcade could attract a diverse range of people, in age and race. As an 18-years-old gamer girl was quoted in an interview with Newsweek at a local arcade: Look at all these people togetherblacks, whites, Puerto Ricans, Chinese, this is probably the one place in Boston where there are not hassles about race. However, this emerging diversity soon faced the suspicious eyes of the public as arcades got more and more popular in the media. (Langway) As many outsiders saw, arcades or video games in general were mediums attracting a complex mix of people, threating the traditional barriers. It was followed then by a series of years when the public tried to blame a specific group of people. Soon, these framing youth caused by these conservative thoughts would grow into a widely accepted stereotype that discriminated against game rs. Gary M. Grobman, a vice president from the Special Projects, White Hat Communications defines a stereotype as a generalization about a group of people within a larger community. We resort to stereotype when we cannot see the whole picture of problems in our society (Grobman). We then allow ourselves to blame gamers all that are wrong. What is involved in the stereotype of gamer? What gender do you think gamers would be? What place will they usually stay? And lastly, how do they look? If you instantly think of an overweight teen male who spends most of his life in one room, soullessly looking at the computer or TV screen, then you are falling into the classic video game stereotype because this imaginary logo doesnt apply to all of the gamers out there. My parents always yell at me for how stupid I am sitting in front of the computer and blame video games for the cause of my low scores at school. They even compare me to my brother who doesnt have the hobby of playing